English in Saudi Arabia: Language Policy, Sociocultural Dynamics, and the Vision 2030 Transformation

Abstract

English has gradually transformed from a foreign language to a strategic asset central to education, economic reform, and international engagement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study explores the evolving role of the English language in Saudi Arabia, particularly in the context of the national development plan, Vision 2030, historically introduced in the early 20th century through oil and commercial partnerships. Drawing on literature reviews, policy analysis, and sociolinguistic perspectives, the manuscript investigates the historical trajectory, policy reforms, drivers of growth, and sociocultural implications of English expansion in the Kingdom. The findings reveal that English is increasingly perceived as a tool for empowerment, global mobility, and modernization, particularly among youth and urban populations. However, the study also highlights pressing concerns about cultural identity, Arabic language preservation, and linguistic equity. Implications include adopting an explicit additive bilingual framework that safeguards Arabic while scaling quality English provision; investing in equitable teacher development and bridging supports; aligning assessment with communicative outcomes; and monitoring EMI effectiveness to prevent gatekeeping effects.